资料分享|WHO TRS 1025 附录3 非蒸馏注射水的制备
Annex 3 附录3
Production of water for injection by means other than distillation
非蒸馏注射水的制备
目录
Production of water for injection by means other than distillation 1
非蒸馏注射水的制备1
1. Introduction 概述 2
2. Scope 范围 2
3. Monographs 各论 2
4. Life-cycle approach 生命周期方法 2
5. Risk assessment 风险评估 3
6. Control strategy 控制策略 3
7. Good practices in the production of water for injection 注射用水制备的优良规范 4
References 参考文献 6
Further reading 扩展阅读6
1. Introduction 概述
1.1 Water is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. It is often used as a raw material; an ingredient in formulations; to prepare reagents; in cleaning; and in the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients), intermediates and finished pharmaceutical products.
水在制药行业里作为原始、制剂组份,被广泛用于试剂制备、清洁、API、中间体和制剂成品的生产。
1.2 Water for pharmaceutical use must meet quality requirements and specifications, as published in relevant standards and pharmacopoeias. Water of the required quality for its intended use should be produced by appropriate methods.
制药用水必须符合相关标准和药典中发布的质量要求和质量标准。应采用适当的方法制备具备其既定用途所需质量的水。
2. Scope 范围
2.1 This document provides guidance for the production of water for injection (WFI) by means other than distillation. The principles described in this guideline may be applied to other grades of water, meeting other specifications.
本文提供非蒸馏方法注射用水(WFI)的制备指南。本指南中所述的原则可应用于符合勘察标准的其它级别的水。
2.2 The document is not exhaustive but aims to provide guidance on the main principles to be considered. Other guidelines and literature should also be consulted (1, 2).
本文件并非包罗万象,其目的是提出要考虑的主要原则指南。读者同时应查询其它指南和文献。
3. Monographs 各论
3.1 Manufacturers should have appropriate specifications for WFI.
生产商应为WFI制订适当的质量标准。
3.2 Monographs for WFI are published in The International Pharmacopoeia (1), as well as various national pharmacopoeias, and provide for the minimum requirements for the quality of WFI.
WFI的各论发布在国际药典和不同国家药典中,提出了WFI质量的最低要求。
3.3 WFI should meet the specification as publishedin current monographs of the relevant pharmacopoeia recognized by the national medicines regulatory authority.
WFI应满足国家药监当局认可的相关药典中现行各论所发布的质量标准。
4. Life-cycle approach 生命周期方法
4.1 Good practices during each stage of the life-cycle of WFI should be considered.
在WFI的生命周期各阶段中均应考虑遵守优良规范。
4.2 Stages include, but are not limited to, the collection and treatment of source water; treatment of drinking water; treatment of purified water; and the production, storage, distribution, use and control of WFI.
阶段包括但不仅限于原水采集和处理、饮用水处理、纯化水处理,以及WFI的制备、存贮、分配、使用和控制。
4.3 Principles of risk management (3) and data governance should be applied in each relevant stage of the life-cycle.
在生命周期各相关阶段均应使用风险管理和数据管理原则。
5. Risk assessment 风险评估
5.1 An appropriate method for the production of WFI should be used.
应使用适当的方法制备WFI。
5.2 Risks and controls should be identified for each stage of the life-cycle of the production, storage, distribution, use and control of WFI.
应识别出WFI制备、存贮、分配、使用和控制整个生命周期各阶段的风险和控制措施。
5.3 Risks identified should be analysed and evaluated to determine the scope and extent of validation and qualification of the system, including the computerized controls used for the production, control and monitoring of WFI. Risk management should be an ongoing part of the quality management process for WFI. A mechanism to review or monitor events associated with production, storage, distribution and use of WFI should be implemented.
应对所识别的风险进行分析和评估,确定系统验证和确认的范围和程度,包括WFI制备、控制和监测的计算机化控制。风险管理应该成为WFI质量管理流程的持续部分。对WFI的制备、存贮、分配和使用过程应执行审核或监测机制。
5.4 Where production methods other thandistillation are used, specific attention should be given to ensure:
如果采用了非蒸馏制备方法,则应特别注意确保以下:
the appropriateness of user requirement specifications;
*用户需求标准的适当性;
* feed-water quality;
* 原水质量;
* the sequence of purification stages required;
* 所需纯化步骤的顺序;
*the extent of pretreatment required;
* 所需前处理的程度;
* appropriately designed and located sampling points;
* 经过适当设计和选定位置的取样点;
* controls are in place to prevent “deadlegs”; and
* 具备控制可防止“死角”;以及
* in-line monitoring.
* 在线监测。
6. Control strategy 控制策略
6.1 The WFI system should be appropriately qualified and validated.
WFI系统应经过适当确认和验证。
6.2 There should be controls to minimize the risk of contamination of WFI produced, stored or circulated.
应有控制来降低所制备、存贮或循环的WFI的污染风险。
6.3 An appropriate control strategy should be defined to ensure that all risks identified are eliminated, or reduced to an acceptable level.
应规定一个适当的控制策略,以确保所有识别的风险均被消除,或降低至可接受水平。
6.4 All parts of the system (pretreatment, treatment, storage and distribution) should be appropriately designed and constructed. Materials for construction should not be reactive, additive, absorptive or adversely affect the quality of water and should be suitable for the sanitizing method used.
系统的所有部件(前处理、处理、存贮和分配)均经过适当设计和构造。构造材料不应有反应活性、逸出、吸收或对水质有不良影响,并且适合于所用的消毒方法。
6.5 Treatment (also referred to as pretreatment) of water entering the system should ensure adequate removal of chemicals (organic and inorganic), particles, matter and microbiological impurities. The treatment should not have a detrimental effect on the materials of construction or downstream components of the water system.
进入系统的水的处理(亦称为前处理)应确保足以清除化学物质(有机和无机)、颗粒、杂质和微生物杂质。处理不应对构造材料或水系统下游组件产生不利影响。
6.6 Techniques such as deionization, electro-deionization, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, water softening, descaling, prefiltration, degasification, and ultraviolet treatment, along with other techniques, may be considered in conjunction with a single- or double-pass reverse osmosis system.
可结合单通道或双通道RO系统,考虑采用一些技术如去离子、电除盐、纳滤、超滤、水软化、除垢、预过滤、脱气和紫外处理,并结合采用其它技术。
6.7 These should allow for sanitization (thermal or chemical, or a combination thereof) when required. The method of sanitization should be appropriate, effective and validated. Sanitization should be done at specified intervals, in accordance with a documented procedure.
需要时,这些处理部件应可进行消毒(热消毒或化学消毒,或两者结合)。消毒方法应恰当、有效并经过验证。应依据书面程序采用指定的时间间隔进行消毒。
6.8 Appropriate sampling techniques should be usedto sample water for analysis, at defined sampling locations, in accordance witha documented sampling procedure and a schedule.
应采用适当的取样技术,从指定的取样点,根据书面的取样程序和取样计划采取水样进行分析。
7. Good practices in the production of water for injection 注射用水制备的优良规范
7.1 WFI should be prepared either from water that complies with World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water (4), national standards for drinking water as a minimum quality feed water, or purified water.
WFI应采用符合WHO饮用水指南、国家饮用水标准的水作为最低原水质量,或使用纯化水。
7.2 The results of water testing should be trended. Trend data should be reviewed routinely, in order to determine the potential for deterioration in the system.
水样检测结果应进行趋势分析。趋势分析数据应进行日常审核,以确定系统老化的可能性。
7.3 Appropriate alert and action limits, in addition to specification limits, should be specified. Trend data should be assessed routinely and used to revise limits where appropriate.
除了标准限度外,还要规定适当的警戒限和行动限。趋势数据应定期进行评估,适当时用于限度修订。
7.4 The system should be monitored for its ongoing performance within defined parameters, including but not limited to, conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC) and microbial contamination.
应持续监测系统是否在指定的参数范围内,包括但不仅限于电导率、总有机碳(TOC)和微生物污染。
7.5 A combination of online and offline monitoringof WFI should be done, to ensure that the appropriate water specification is maintained. TOC and conductivity should be monitored with online instruments. Use of rapid microbiological methods is encouraged for timely monitoring, and aids with rapid responses to prevent deterioration of the system.
应对WFI进行在线和离线监测,以确保水质标准得到维护。应采用在线仪器监测TOC和电导率。鼓励采用快速微生物检测方法进行及时监测,该类方法有助于迅速采取措施防止系统状况恶化。
7.6 The outlet of reverse osmosis systems should be monitored, to ensure that potential breaches are identified. This may include monitoring the conductivity of the water, and pressure.
应对RO系统的出水进行监测,以确保发现可能的质量不合格情况。其中包括监测水电导率和压力。
7.7 The system should remain in a validated state throughout its life-cycle.
系统在其生命周期中应保持在经过验证的状态。
References 参考文献
1. The International Pharmacopoeia, 9th ed.Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https://apps.who.int/phint/en/p/docf/, accessed 4December 2019).
国际药典第9版,WHO,2019
2. WHO good manufacturing practices: water for pharmaceutical use. In: WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations: forty-sixth report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012: Annex 2 (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 970; http://apps.who.int/ medicinedocs/documents/s19832en/s19832en.pdf, accessed 4 November 2019).
WHO GMP:制药用水,WHO TRS 970附录2,2012
3. WHO guidelines on quality risk management.In: WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations: forty-seventh report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013: Annex 2 (WHOTechnical Report Series, No. 981; https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_ safety/quality_assurance/Annex2TRS-981.pdf, accessed 4 December 2019).
WHO质量风险管理指南,WHO TRS 981附录2,2013
4. Guidelines for drinking-water quality.Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254637/9789241549950- eng.pdf;jsessionid=60F04022DD9AD3A4C214F236B00A5F52?sequence=1, accessed 4 December2019).
饮用水质量指南,第4版第一次增补,WHO,2017
Further reading 扩展阅读
*Augustine R, Baird A, Bevilacqua A, CohenN, Coleman RC Evans J et al. ISPE baseline guide volume 4. Water and steam systems, 3rd ed. North Bethesda (MD): International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering; 2019.
*ISPE基准指南,卷4,水和蒸汽系统,第3版,2019
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